Is Urban Sprawl Threatening the Sustainability of Cape Town

1. Introduction: South Africa is a thriving building site, Cape Town being a city in this developing country is rapidly changing (South Africa. 2013:no page numbers). Virtually half of Cape Town was constructed in only the last 25 years, with the growth continuing as the city is developing (South Africa. Department of environmental affairs, 2010: 3). Urban sprawl is an increased development of land which occurs in both suburban and rural areas, this all occurs outside of the urban boundaries. The urban transformation which is occurring is a major threat to the identity of the city as there is a decrease in the amount of definable boundaries and in the end the city loses its clear edge and its individual identity. The economic change occurring includes replacing of historical spaces due to the shortage of space for urban development. (Gosztola, 2014: 63-65) The following paper asks the question of whether urban sprawl is threatening the sustainability of the city and whether there is a need for urban sprawl to spread out into Philippi and allow for development on the Philippi farmland. This entails looking at the problems that a growing city faces, looking at the bigger picture of the capability of urban infrastructure in South Africa as well as more centralised to Cape Town and lastly the rising food security verse development issue. 2. For or against development in the Philippi farmland: 2.1. Against development The question about whether the Philippi area is a potentialShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesvarious environmental projects, such as improving children’s health in coffee-and- tea-producing regions, addressing the educational needs of indigenous Mayan peoples dependent on coffee production, and promoting coffee quality, environmental sustainability, and natural resources conservation in east Africa. For example, Starbucks paid Ethiopian coffee farmers a 75 percent premium over market prices, believing this was better than passing out the equivalent in welfare.14 One wonders, however

Police Officers Should Not Carry Guns - 921 Words

POLICE OFFICERS SHOULD NOT CARRY GUNS There are a lot of arguments all around the world in this subject. Politicians, teachers, sociologists and psychologists declare their ideas and also they write some essays about if the polià §e officers should carry a gun or not. Many people suppose that police officers should carry their guns. Nowadays more and more crimes are being committed and police officers protect us from criminal behaviour. I will discuss whether police officers should be allowed to carry guns in this essay. I strongly insist that they should not be allowed to carry guns. There are some reasons to support my opinion. First of all, police officers actually are carrying a gun to protect the people. However, I have never been†¦show more content†¦In addition, they threatened the students to kneel down with their guns. All students were frightened because they were pointign a gun at them. In spite of, they having to protect the people with their gun. Next, police officers use their guns againist crimi nals. But youngsters and children are exposed to their guns almost everyday. So, they will tend to violonce. They can be new criminals of the future. Maybe they will elaborate on police officers’ guns, because guns are so common in the world today. They thought like that, ‘if it is not good or necessary, why police officers carry them?’. These kind of thought, so normal for a young person or a teenager. Other reason is, the state pay much Money to guns every year. If the money is used for education and social facilities, surely, the crime rate will drop year by year. So, that is better to money us efor these kind of activities. We must think about this question, ‘do we want to drop of crime rate or do want to punish someone who crimes?’. If the answer first I said, we have to pay money for education and the other social facilities. It is important to outline that the work of police was always in the centre of attention. There is a very serious delibe ration about it, which is connected with factors, such as the rate of criminality and a psychological factor of carrying a weapon. The situation with the growth in the number of committed crimes is veryShow MoreRelatedShould School Guns A Weapon Of Self Defense?1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate of whether or not teachers should be allowed to carry guns in school is very heated and continues to dilemma the minds of many. However, both the supportive and opposing parties have good grounds that can be used to choose. Recently in the year 2012, 26 people in elementary school in Texas were shot dead triggering public demand that teachers should be armed with guns in order to protect our students. A local resident of the area around the elementary school opened fire on 20 studentsRead MoreWhat Is Stop And Frisk1419 Words   |  6 Pagesenables a police officer to stop, question, and frisk a person for weapons†(1). 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Operant Conditioning and Superstition free essay sample

There are several types of reinforcement’s positive and negative, which both t reinforcement are strengthen or weaken to shape behavior although the reinforcement is unknown and unlikely to happen. Moreover, a behavior that comes from a stimulus that behavior is than repeated in the future based on the strength of the reinforcement. However, if the behavior is not reinforced by a stimulus than that behavior is likely removed or less likely to occur also due to the strength and weakness of the reinforcement. What else do the historical antecedent says about operant conditioning, basically is states that behavioral psychology was taught for many years but sky rocketed in the 20th-century with a new theoretical perspective, known as behaviorism also bought new insight to psychologist and how certain environmental stimulus can shape behavior and illicit responses in human and non human development, through direct or indirect reinforcements. In the mean time leaving behind the conscious and unconscious mind perspective and how it functions now hardly have any room in the behavioral science department. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant Conditioning and Superstition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another interesting fact, psychology had once lost its grip at one point and time but came back with a new twist, yet still using the basic principles of behavioral psychology that focusing only on the observable behaviors for the most part. Furthermore, behaviorism is an enormous subject that has covered a lot of behavioral perspectives through experiments conducted by earlier psychologists such as, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and continued for many decades after Skinners theoretical perspective of operant conditioning also recognizes that complex behaviors are not always completely formed but rather form out of simpler responses joined to mold behaviors (Cherry, 2013). Not to mention factors that led to the rise of operant conditioning and that is behavioral therapy, and behavioral change, starting with the social needs of people and implementation of behavioral laws to control abnormal behaviors along with ways to offer interventions for those ho need help to over come behaviors that are inappropriate and maladaptive is also why operant conditioning is highly recognized for its treatment. There are also factors to describe the principles and concepts that explain the process of operant conditioning that lead to the development and maintenance of superstitions. First superstitious is a behavior that is coincidentally combine or paired with the process of reinforcements such as, rewards or punishmen ts. These coincident that takes place unknowingly are coincident that rarely happens. In February, 2008, a friend and I visited a swim club, upon entering the club, my friend and I were walking across the parking and a penny was on ground faced up on tails so I picked it up and put it in my pocket. Immediately, my friend says to me youre going to have bad luck because I picked the penny up on tails and that is a sign of bad luck to occur. However, the following day my sister dies, I was totally astonished because all I could think of was that penny I picked up and how I put the penny inside my pocket and the very words of my girlfriend about how the penny was bad luck. I was totally torn apart. This irrational belief (superstitious) works by pairing the negative reinforcement (penny) with the negative behavior, which is the death of my sister. Because this was so unlikely to occur the superstitious (penny on tails) was paired with the negative outcome (sister death). Along the same lines, when the intervals time delays are distance apart it leave room for extinction to take effect immediately, therefore when coupling with the negative reinforcement including time delay (distance) of never like to happen then the negative behavior superstitious is more likely to occur (Staddon Simmelhag, 1971). The reasons why superstitious beliefs are so deeply ingrained and long-standing in nature because the strength of the reinforcements that supersedes over time delay outcomes, regardless of never happening before is superstitious. Basically if we are reinforced randomly for rewards or punishment unknowingly and the reinforcement is strong than automatically something is very suspicious about the reward or punishment in its very own nature and becomes a superstitious belief. Finally, after interviewing my aunt on superstitious beliefs she informs me that there are many superstitious folks lore she was aware of when she was growing up. One superstitious beliefs she recalls is to never walk under a ladder because it is the devils playground; such as, when she were a little girl her and her best friend were making mud pies, while visiting her grandmother. At her grandmothers house she and her best friend played on the front porch with a ladder hanging overtop of their head and she said her grandmother came outside on the porch and said to them child you and your friend should come up from under that ladder hanging over your heads you both will find yourself in a lot of mischief before the day is out and bring you nothing but bad luck. Later on during that day she recalls both her and her best friend getting in all sorts of trouble resulting in both getting yelled at and even worse receiving a spanking. Wow! What a coincident. Interestingly, the information fit exactly how operant conditioning process occurs because of the pairing of the reinforcement along with time delay of intervals of the unlikely outcome is exactly how Skinner describe in his classic pigeon experiments about superstitious and the extinction process (McLeod, 2007). Therefore, reinforcement compared with any behavior resulting in unfortunate circumstances or good fortune, although there is a negative non contingency upon the response made was unknown from the environment. One method that will perhaps resolve someone to overcome superstitious behavior is to extinguish it by not allowing the superstitious behavior to be paired with a positive or negative reinforcement whenever unlikely events take place good or bad and if you continue with this method until the association is gone than you can put and end to the superstitious belief theory (Staddon Simmelhag 1997). In conclusion, behaviorism is well-known for explaining how we best learn because we are always learning new behaviors.

Meursault Essays - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger, Meursault

Meursault Meursault is a man who will not lie to himself. He will not feign emotion, nor use religion as a vehicle to give his life meaning. Meursault has a passion for the truth, which opens the revelation for all humanity: life is absurd; it is man's mortal responsibility to be committed to himself, for death is absolute and inevitable. In Albert Camus' The Stranger, his behavior and characteristics display him as an immoral man, expressing indifference towards society's formulas for normalcy. The lack of emotion Mersault has concerning the death of his mother is an excellent portrayal of his beast-like, immoral character. Meursault defies the customary code of behavior by refusing to see his mother's carcass, and instead, he fell asleep and accepted coffee and cigarettes at the vigil. Additionally, he does not honor a period of mourning. In place of mourning, Meursault goes swimming, sees a comedy film with a girl, then proceeds to take her home and make love to her. Mersault doesn't even remember anything about the funeral except for something that one of the nurses had said. ?If you go slowly, you risk getting sunstroke. But if you go too fast, you work up a sweat and then catch a chill inside the church? (page 17). The fact that this and several other images are his only memories of his mother's funeral show his lack of emotion and reguard for subjects that are deemed important by the majority of mankind. These prominent disrespects to the accepted regulations of society are what unmistakably denounce him at the trial; society fears apathy and condemns Meursault in order to preserve the town's feelings of comfort that is maintained by communal order and religion. Meursault is also a stranger to behaving in a gregarious manner and conforming to social formalities. His so-called friend Raymond invites Meursault to his apartment to have blood sausage and wine, then goes on to tell Meursault about his Arab girlfriend and how he beat her because she was cheating on him. He wants to discipline this girl by means of chastisement even though he still has sexual feelings for her. Raymond asks Meursault what he thinks about the whole thing and Meursault says he doesn't think anything but that it was interesting? (page 32). The conversation continues and Mersaults responses exemplify why Raymond enjoys his company so much; Mersault has no definite opinion of his own and he always appears to be in accord with what everyone else has to say. ?He asked if I thought she was cheating on him, and it seemed to me she was; if I thought she should be punished and what I would do in his place, and I said you can't ever be sure, but I understood his wanting to punish her (page 32). Meursault lacks morals. He has no need for them. Values for him do not enter his life for they do not have an impact on him. Meursault proceeds to please Raymond with his listless attitude to Raymond's social relations by writing an indecent letter to his Arab girlfriend. Meursault does not contemplate the outcomes in writing an asinine letter to a woman he has never met, nor the impression it could leave on her life. Meursault simply does not care about any of this and thus he has no moral obligations. Raymond and Mersault had gone to the beach to visit Raymond's friend Masson at his beach house. Upon walking down the beach, Raymond and Mersault cane across two Arabs that Raymond had a conflict with prior to this moment. Due to Raymond's desire for revenge, he and Mersault travel down the beach, Raymond with a revolver, Mersault unarmed. Raymond contemplates shooting his man (his girlfriend's brother), but Meursault tells him he can only shoot in self-defense in the case that the Arab pulls his knife. Then he takes Raymond's gun, which the sunlight catches, and goes back with him to the beach house. Mersault, however, does not go back to the cabin, but turns back to the beach, although ?to stay or to go, it amounted to the same thing? (page 57). The unyielding rationale of the Algerian sun overcomes him. Meursault encounters Raymond's man who pulled a knife in front of Meursault. ?It seemed to me as if the sky split open from one end to the other to rain down fire. My whole being tensed and I squeezed my hand around the revolver. The trigger gave... Then I fired four